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Ghost legend in Latin American folklore

Statue on the isle of La Llorona in Xochimilco, United mexican states, 2015

In Mexican folklore, La Llorona (American Spanish: [la ʝoˈɾona]; "The Weeping Woman" or "The Wailer") is a vengeful ghost who roams waterfront areas mourning her children whom she drowned.[1]

Mythology [edit]

The legend has a wide variety of details and versions. In a typical version of the legend, a beautiful woman named María marries a rich ranchero / conquistador [2] to whom she bears two children. One twenty-four hour period, María sees her married man with some other woman and in a fit of bullheaded rage, she drowns their children in a river, which she immediately regrets. Unable to save them and consumed by guilt,[3] she drowns herself equally well but is unable to enter the afterlife, forced to be in purgatory and roam this world until she finds her children.[four] In another version of the story, her children are illegitimate, and she drowns them and then that their father cannot take them abroad to be raised by his new married woman.[5] Recurring themes in variations on the La Llorona myth include a white, wet dress, nocturnal wailing, and an association with water.[6]

The mother archetype of La Llorona has been tied to patriarchal expectations of women in Mexican civilization by several authors, historians, and social critics. Social critics oft consider Mexican (and Mexican-American) civilisation to forcefulness patriarchal standards onto women, such as being defined by their roles as mothers. La Llorona 'south falling into the trope of an "evil" or "failed" mother, having either committed infanticide or having failed to save them from drowning, can be considered a reflection of this.[7]

Lore Evolution [edit]

Early on colonial texts provide testify that the lore is pre-Hispanic, originating in the central highlands. However, La Llorona is most usually associated with the colonial era and the dynamic betwixt Spanish conquistadores and indigenous women. The most common lore about La Llorona includes her initially being an Indigenous woman who murdered her own children, which she diameter from a wealthy Spaniard, afterward he abandoned her. The villainous qualities of La Llorona, including infanticide and the murdering of one's own blood is assumed to be connected to the narrative surrounding Doña Marina, also known equally La Malinche, or Maltinzin in her original classification. Today, the lore of La Llorona is well known in Mexico and the Southwestern United States.[8]

Origins [edit]

The fable of La Llorona is traditionally told throughout Mexico, Primal America and northern South America.[9] La Llorona is sometimes conflated with La Malinche ,[10] the Nahua woman who served as Hernán Cortés ' interpreter and also bore his son.[11] La Malinche is considered both the mother of the modern Mexican people and a symbol of national treachery for her role in aiding the Spanish.[12]

Stories of weeping female phantoms are common in the sociology of both Iberian and Amerindian cultures. Scholars have pointed out similarities between La Llorona and the Cihuacōātl of Aztec mythology,[9] as well as Eve and Lilith of Hebrew mythology.[thirteen] Author Ben Radford's investigation into the fable of La Llorona , published in Mysterious New United mexican states, found common elements of the story in a German language folktale dating from 1486.[fourteen] La Llorona too bears a resemblance to the ancient Greek tale of the demigoddess Lamia, in which Hera, Zeus' married woman, learned of his thing with Lamia and killed all the children Lamia had with Zeus. Out of jealousy over the loss of her own children, Lamia kills other women'southward children.[15]

The Florentine Codex is an of import text that originated in late Mexico in 1519, a quote from which is, "The 6th omen was that many times a woman would be heard going along weeping and shouting. She cried out loudly at dark, saying, "Oh my children, we are virtually to go forever." Sometimes she said, "Oh my children, where am I to take yous?"[16]

While the roots of the La Llorona fable appear to be pre-Hispanic,[ten] the earliest published reference to the fable is a 19th-century sonnet by Mexican poet Manuel Carpio.[9] The poem makes no reference to infanticide, rather La Llorona is identified as the ghost of a woman named Rosalia who was murdered past her married man.[17]

Per region [edit]

In Mexico [edit]

The fable of La Llorona is securely rooted in Mexican popular culture, her story told to children to encourage them not to wander off in the dark, and her spirit oft evoked in artwork,[18] such equally that of Alejandro Colunga.[nineteen] "La Cihuacoatle, Leyenda de la Llorona" is a yearly waterfront theatrical performance of the legend of La Llorona set in the Xochimilco civic of Mexico City,[20] established in 1993 to coincide with the Day of the Dead.[21]

Ancient Mexican Origins [edit]

The earliest documentation of La Llorona is traced back to 1550 in Mexico City. But there are theories well-nigh her story being continued to specific Aztec mythological creation stories. "The Hungry Woman" includes a wailing woman constantly crying for food, which has been compared to La Llorona'due south signature nocturnal wailing for her children.[22] The motherly nature of La Llorona'due south tragedy has been compared to Chihuacoatl, an Aztec goddess deity of motherhood. Her seeking of children to keep for herself is significantly compared to Coatlicue, known every bit "Our Lady Mother" or Tonantsi (whose also comparable to the Virgen de Guadalupe, some other significant mother figure in Mexican-culture), too a monster that devours filth or sin.

In the United States [edit]

In the Southwestern United States, the story of La Llorona is told to scare children into good behavior,[23] sometimes specifically to deter children from playing nearly dangerous water.[24] Likewise told to them is that her cries are heard as she walks around the street or nearly bodies of water to scare children from wandering around, resembling the stories of El Cucuy. In Chumash mythology indigenous to Southern California, La Llorona is linked to the nunašɨš , a mythological creature with a cry like to that of a newborn baby.[25]

In Venezuela [edit]

The tale of La Llorona is prepare in the Venezuelan Llanos during the colonial period. La Llorona is said to exist the spirit of a adult female that died of sorrow after her children were killed, either by herself or by her family.[26] [27] Families traditionally place wooden crosses above their doors to ward off such spirits.[27]

In popular culture [edit]

Film [edit]

Actress representing La Llorona in The Mexican Dream, 2003

The story of La Llorona outset appeared on film in 1933'southward La Llorona, filmed in Mexico.[28] René Cardona's 1960 motion picture La Llorona was also shot in United mexican states,[29] equally was the 1963 horror film, The Expletive of the Crying Woman directed past Rafael Baledón.[30]

The 2008 Mexican horror film Kilometer 31 [31] is inspired by the legend of La Llorona .[32] Additionally the early 2000s saw a spate of low-upkeep movies based on La Llorona , including:

  • The River: The Legend of La Llorona[33]
  • Revenge of La Llorona[34]
  • The Wailer: La Llorona[35]
  • The Expletive of La Llorona[36]

La Llorona is the principal antagonist in the 2007 picture J-ok'el.[37] In the 2011 Mexican blithe film La Leyenda de la Llorona, she is portrayed as a more sympathetic character, whose children die in an accident rather than at their mother'south hands.[38]

In the 2017 Pixar picture show Coco, "La Llorona", the Mexican folk song popularized by Andres Henestrosa in 1941[39] is sung by Alanna Ubach in her role as Mamá Imelda, joined by Antonio Sol as the singing voice of Ernesto de la Cruz.[40]

In July 2019, James Wan, Gary Dauberman and Emilie Gladstone produced a film titled The Expletive of La Llorona for Warner Bros. Pictures. The moving-picture show was directed past Michael Chaves and stars Linda Cardellini, Raymond Cruz, Patricia Velasquez and Marisol Ramirez as La Llorona.[41]

As well in 2019, Jayro Bustamante directed the Guatemalan moving-picture show La Llorona, starring María Mercedes Coroy, which screened in the Contemporary World Cinema department at the 2019 Toronto International Moving picture Festival.[42]

The Fable of La Llorona was a film released in Jan 2022 and stars Danny Trejo, Autumn Reeser, and Antonio Cupo.[43]

Theater [edit]

Mexican playwright Josefina López wrote "Unconquered Spirits",[44] which uses the myth of La Llorona every bit a plot device. The play premiered at California Country University, Northridge's Little Theatre in 1995.[45]

Literature [edit]

Nancy Farmer'southward 2002 science fiction novel, The House of the Scorpion includes references to La Llorona .[46]

The legend of La Llorona is discussed in Jaquira Díaz's 2019 memoir, Ordinary Girls:

"The scariest part was not that La Llorona was a monster, or that she came when you called her name 3 times in the dark, or that she could come into your room at nighttime and take y'all from your bed like she'd done with her own babies. Information technology was that one time she'd been a person, a woman, a female parent. So a moment, an instant, a split 2nd later, she was a monster."[47]

The novel Paola Santiago and the River of Tears, the start part of a young developed trilogy past Tehlor Kay Mejia, is based on the legend of La Llorona.[48] Also la llarona was portrayed past a story, by the Television set show called the Grimm.

Music [edit]

"La Llorona" is a Mexican folk song popularized by Andres Henestrosa in 1941.[39] It has since been covered by various musicians, including Chavela Vargas,[49] Joan Baez,[l] and Lila Downs.[51]

North American singer-songwriter Lhasa de Sela's debut album La Llorona (1997) explored the dark mysteries of Latin sociology. She combined a variety of musical genres including klezmer, gypsy jazz and Mexican folk music, all in the Castilian language.[52] The album was certified Platinum in Canada,[53] and it earned her a Canadian Juno Award for Best Global Artist in 1998.[54]

Manic Hispanic, a rock band from Los Angeles, California, have a song titled "She Turned Into Llorona" on their 2003 anthology Mijo Goes To Jr. Higher.[55]

Tv [edit]

La Llorona is an antagonist in the Telly serial Supernatural, portrayed past Sarah Shahi in the pilot episode and by Shanae Tomasevich in "Moriah" and season 15.[56]

La Llorona is an antagonist in a 2012 second-season episode of the TV series Grimm.[57]

La Llorona appears in the Victor and Valentino episode "The Lonely Haunts 3: La Llorona" voiced by Vanessa Marshall. Contrary to the usual depictions, this version of La Llorona is practiced and simply lonely and claims to have had twenty kids who had all grown upward and left her; implying that she suffers from Empty nest syndrome.

La Llorona appears in the Craig of the Creek episode "The Legend of the Library" voiced by Carla Tassara. Craig and the Stump Kids visit their friend Stacks at the local library to get out of the pelting. When the power goes out and their young man Creek Kids brainstorm disappearing, Stacks believes that La Llorona is to blame. In the terminate, it is revealed that the "ghost" was actually Lorraine, the substitute librarian who is very serious about her job. She makes the kids hope to accept expert care of the library along with a alert, showing a ghostly face at the same time. Whether or not Lorraine was in fact La Llorona or the face up was imagined is left ambiguous.

La Llorona appears in the Riverdale (2017 TV series) episode "Chapter 97: Ghost Stories". The characters tell ghost stories well-nigh people related to them or the town that had died. La Llorona is one. She haunts Sweetwater River and she besides manages to possess Toni and take Betty's unborn child away.

Run into besides [edit]

  • Aswang
  • Banshee
  • Baobhan sith
  • Blackness Lady of Bradley Woods
  • Encarmine Mary (folklore)
  • Bogeyman
  • Clíodhna
  • Hulder
  • Kuchisake-onna
  • Leannán sídhe
  • Manananggal
  • Medea
  • Madam Koi Koi
  • Pontianak (sociology)
  • Rusalka
  • Samodiva (mythology)
  • Sayona
  • Soucouyant
  • Succubus
  • Tulevieja
  • The Silbón
  • White Lady (ghost)

References [edit]

  1. ^ Delsol, Christine (9 October 2012). "Mexico's fable of La Llorona continues to terrify". sfgate.com . Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  2. ^ Fuller, Amy (31 October 2017) [Nov 2015]. "The Wailing Woman". History Today. United mexican states. Retrieved 2022-06-10 .
  3. ^ Delsol, Christine (9 October 2012). "Mexico's legend of La Llorona continues to terrify". sfgate.com . Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  4. ^ Dimuro, Gina (2019-01-22). "The Legend Of La Llorona: The Wailing Adult female Who Murdered Her Children". All That'due south Interesting . Retrieved 2021-05-xi .
  5. ^ Simerka, Barbara (2000). "Women Hollering: Contemporary Chicana Reinscriptions of La Llorona Mythography" (PDF). Confluencia. 16 (ane): 49–58. [ dead link ]
  6. ^ Carbonell, Ana María (1999). "From Llorona to Gritona: Coatlicue in Feminist Tales by Viramontes and Cisneros" (PDF). MELUS. 24 (2): 53–74. doi:10.2307/467699. JSTOR 467699.
  7. ^ Kearny, Michael (1969). "La Llorona every bit a Social Symbol". Western Sociology. 28: 199–206. doi:10.2307/1499265. JSTOR 1499265.
  8. ^ Leddy, Betty (1948). "La LLorona in Southern Arizona". Western Folklore. 7: 272–277. doi:10.2307/1497551. hdl:10150/624782. JSTOR 1497551.
  9. ^ a b c Werner 1997, p. 753.
  10. ^ a b Leal, Luis (2005). "The Malinche-Llorona Dichotomy: The Origin of a Myth". Feminism, Nation and Myth: La Malinche. Arte Publico Press. p. 134. OCLC 607766319.
  11. ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (2007-12-eighteen). Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Ability. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-307-42518-8.
  12. ^ Cypess, Sandra Messinger (1991). La Malinche in Mexican Literature: From History to Myth. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN9780292751347.
  13. ^ Norget 2006, p. 146.
  14. ^ Radford, Ben (2014). Mysterious New Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New United mexican states Press. p. 228. ISBN978-0-8263-5450-1. While the classic image of La Llorona was likely taken from an Aztec goddess named Cihuacōātl , the narrative of her fable has other origins. Every bit Bacil Kirtley (1960) wrote in Western Sociology, "During the same decade that La Llorona was commencement mentioned in United mexican states, a story, seemingly already quite old, of ' Die Weisse Frau ' ('The White Lady')—which reproduces many of the features consistently recurring in the more developed versions of ' La Llorona ', was recorded in Germany"; references to Dice Weisse Frau date back as early on as 1486. The story of the White Lady follows a near identical plot to the classical La Llorona story.
  15. ^ Sociology: In All of Us, In All We Do . University of North Texas Printing. 2006. p. 110. ISBN9781574412239.
  16. ^ "Florentine Codex, Volume 12, Ch 01 | Early Nahuatl Library". enl.uoregon.edu . Retrieved 2021-05-11 .
  17. ^ Carpio, Manuel (1879). Poesias del Sr. Dr. Don Manuel Carpio con su biografia escrita por el Sr. Dr. D. José Bernardo Couto. Mexico: La Enseñanza. p. 299.
  18. ^ Ibarra, Enrique Ajuria (2014). "Ghosting the Nation: La Llorona, Pop Culture, and the Spectral Anxiety of Mexican Identity". The Gothic and the Everyday. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 131–151. doi:10.1057/9781137406644_8. ISBN978-1-349-48800-1.
  19. ^ Coerver, Don M. (2004). Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN9781576071328.
  20. ^ Marquez, RJ (2019). "Mysterious tales behind La Llorona, Island of the Dolls in Mexico Urban center". ksat.com . Retrieved viii Oct 2020.
  21. ^ Lee, Winnie (xxx October 2019). "How United mexican states's Most Sorrowful Spirit Became a Cultural Miracle". atlasobscura.com . Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  22. ^ Padilla, Juan Raez (2014). "Crying for Nutrient: The Mexican Myths of 'La Llorona' and 'The Hungry Adult female' in Cherríe L. Moraga". Comparative American Studies. 12 (three): 205–2017. doi:10.1179/1477570014Z.00000000084. S2CID 162305702 – via JSTOR.
  23. ^ Leddy, Betty (1988). "La Llorona in Southern Arizona" (PDF). Perspectives in Mexican American Studies. q: ix–16.
  24. ^ Raheem, N.; Archambault, S.; Arellano, East.; Gonzales, Thou.; Kopp, D.; Rivera, J.; Guldan, South.; Boykin, Thou.; Oldham, C.; Valdez, A.; Colt, S.; Lamadrid, E.; Wang, J.; Cost, J.; Goldstein, J.; Arnold, P.; Martin, Southward.; Dingwell, E. (2015-06-08). "Aframework for assessing ecosystem services in acequia irrigation communities of the Upper Río Grande watershed". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water. Wiley. 2 (v): 559–575. doi:ten.1002/wat2.1091. ISSN 2049-1948.
  25. ^ Blackburn, Thomas C. (1975). December's Child: A Book of Chumash Oral Narratives. University of California Printing. ISBN9780520029309.
  26. ^ Franco, Mercedes (2007). Diccionario de fantasmas, misterios y leyendas de Venezuela (in Castilian). El Nacional. ISBN978-980-388-390-4.
  27. ^ a b Dinneen, Mark (2001). Culture and Community of Venezuela. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN978-0-313-30639-half-dozen.
  28. ^ "The Crying Woman (1933)". IMDB.
  29. ^ "La Llorona (1960)". IMDB.
  30. ^ "The Curse of the Crying Woman (1963)". IMDB.
  31. ^ "KM 31". Rotten Tomatoes.
  32. ^ Sánchez Dávila, Carmen (2007-02-15). ""No hay peor miedo que al fracaso", asegura Rigoberto Castañeda director de "Kilómetro 31"". Archived from the original on 2010-06-21. Retrieved 2020-06-03 . February 15, 2007. Filmweb.
  33. ^ "The River: Legend of La Llorona". IMDB.
  34. ^ "Revenge Of La Llorona Director's Cut". Amazon.
  35. ^ "The Wailer (2005)". IMDB.
  36. ^ "The Expletive of La Llorona (2007)". IMDB.
  37. ^ "J-ok'el (2008)". IMDB.
  38. ^ "La Leyenda de la Llorona". iTunes.
  39. ^ a b "Andrés Henestrosa: el hombre que dispersó sus sombras". La Jornada.
  40. ^ "Coco (2017)". IMDB.
  41. ^ "The Expletive of La Llorona (2019)". IMDB.
  42. ^ "Toronto Adds The Aeronauts, Mosul, Seberg, & More To Festival Slate". Deadline . Retrieved xvi August 2019.
  43. ^ "The Fable of La Llorona review – holiday horror downward Mexico way". the Guardian. 2022-01-xi. Retrieved 2022-01-17 .
  44. ^ Lopez, Josephina. "Unconquered Spirits" (PDF). Dramatic Publishing.
  45. ^ T.H. McColluch (five May 1995). "The Tears of Oppression: Josefina Lopez bases her play, 'Unconquered Spirits,' on the 'Crying Woman' legend. But in the finish, her characters' fighting spirit prevails". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  46. ^ Farmer, Nancy (February 2002). The House of the Scorpion (PDF). New York, New York: Atheneum Books for Young Readers.
  47. ^ Diaz, Jaquira (2019). Ordinary Girls: A Memoir. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Colina. p. 100. ISBN9781616209131. OCLC 1090696817.
  48. ^ "Paola Santiago and the Forest of Nightmares". {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  49. ^ "Defiant singer was a cultural force in Mexico". Los Angeles Times.
  50. ^ "Joan Baez – Discography, Gracias a la Vida". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved eleven November 2013.
  51. ^ "Wise Latina". Guernica Magazine.
  52. ^ Larkin, Colin (2006). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 10 (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 220. ISBN0-19-531373-9.
  53. ^ "Golden & Platinum Certification: May 2004". The Canadian Recording Industry Clan. Archived from the original on nineteen Oct 2010. Retrieved 15 Nov 2011.
  54. ^ Fulmer, Dave. "Lhasa – La Llorona". AllMusic . Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  55. ^ Manic Hispanic - Mijo Goes To Jr. Higher , retrieved 2022-05-xiii
  56. ^ "Supernatural (2005–2020) Pilot". IMDB.
  57. ^ "Grimm (2011–2017) La Llorona". IMDB.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Perez, Domino Renee. (2008). There Was a Woman: La Llorona from Folklore to Pop Culture. Austin: U of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292718128.
  • Mathews, Holly F. 1992. The directive forcefulness of morality tales in a Mexican community. In Human motives and cultural models, edited by R.G.D'Andrade and C. Strauss, 127–62. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Norget, Kristin (2006). Days of Death, Days of Life: Ritual in the Popular Culture of Oaxaca. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN0-231-13688-nine.
  • Ray John de Aragon, The Fable of La Llorona, Sunstone Printing, 2006. ISBN 9781466429796.
  • Belinda Vasquez Garcia, The Witch Narratives Reincarnation, Magic Prose Publishing, 2012. ISBN 978-0-86534-505-8
  • Werner, Michael Southward. (1997). Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture - Vol. 1. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBNi-884964-31-1. martin

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Llorona